Stereotypes in Advertising Essay - 877 Words

After diving into result after result of internet searched for advertisements aimed specifically at or for older people, I came to a stern realization; that was that there are very few of them directed specifically at older adults. But, I found a few magazine and television advertisements that really spoke volumes about the notion of aging. Some of these advertisements viewed again positively, showing that even at older ages people can be active and viewed quite popularly by public media. Unfortunately, other advertisements played on the negative stereotypes of aging and older adults specifically with the notion that as you age you are unable to fully take care of yourself. The first advertisement I found was from the AARP, showing a†¦show more content†¦But, I feel like it may work against itself by trying to disprove that stereotype. I feel like the magazine puts so much emphasis on the fact that this woman is 48 and in incredibly good shape, that it is a one in a million phenomenon. It looks as if the magazine, is saying ‘if you’re over 40, then you are out of shape. But if you’re not then you should be on the cover of a magazine!† I don’t want to act like a person being in great shape at 48 is not a good thing, but I feel like the spectacle that People magazine makes this woman to be is having the effect that it is next to impossible for this to be the case. The next three advertisements I found, they all dealt with the stereotype that as you age you lose the ability to take care of yourself. One of these advertise I feel like could very easily be some sort of joke. It was an advertisement for a hat which reads â€Å"Don’t forget my senior Discount!† Although it may seem humorous, this advertisement shows one of the most common stereotypes of aging; that when you get old you lose your memory and, more importantly, your autonomy. When I first analyzed this advertisement seriously, I found it comparable to pinning a note to a toddler’s shirt for his parent to get. You cannot trust the individual to deliver the message themselves, so there must be another way to make sure things get done correctly.Show MoreRelatedAdvertising Stereotype2544 Words   |  11 PagesStereotypes in Advertising Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people—usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation. But stereotypes can be problematic. They can: reduce a wide range of differencesRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media1940 Words   |  8 Pages| Gender Stereotypes in Advertising and the Media | | | | | | According to Surviving for Thriving, a nonprofit organization that helps victims of rape and sexual assault, one out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetimes. This means that a total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. While these numbers may or may not come as a shock to you, the real surprise is where they start (Surviving to Thriving, 2008)Read MoreStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers3305 Words   |  14 PagesStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers 1. Gender Messages in Alcohol Advertising Stereotypes refer to standardize and simplified conception of groups, based on some prior assumptions. For example, a girl might not choose to be an engineer as most of the people have set their minds that the profession is always a guy. This is what we call stereotyping. But, who says a girl cannot be an engineer? According to the Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, NinthRead MoreThe Advertising Industry and Gender Stereotype 811 Words   |  3 Pagesgreatest resource to look at gender stereotyping, because they are adjusted to the specific target either male or female. The aim of modern advertising successfully reaches its target audience not only and sometime not even by fulfilling the needs of the individual but by directing their creation. The advertising industry developed the gender stereotypes in order to accommodate the product being advertised expecting to appeal the public at a tremendous rate, which reconstruct a cultural expectationRead More Advertising - Gender and Social Stereotypes Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagessociety of idols whom the American public has looked up to in various media forms. In today’s society there are many gender and social stereotypes that remain a prevalent part of the advertising tactics of the media. In the particular ad that I have chosen are examples of gender stereotypes that I would like to analyze and discuss using Douglas Kellner’s article â€Å"Advertising Images†. Kellner states that the tobacco industry in both the past and present use subliminal messages with the intention of portrayingRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Advertising Makes Sense Financially For Those Advertising Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages The purpose of this research paper is to prove that using gender stereotypes in advertising makes sense financially for those advertising. It argues that by using stereotypical examples of the â€Å"in group† of it’s target audience the goal of the advertisement will more likely be achieved. This paper addresses but does not dispute the idea that using stereotypes in advertising can have negative effects on its audience. However if selling an idea or product is the end goal it makes sense to presentRead MoreInfluence Of The Advertising Media On Gender And Representation Of Stereotypes1173 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The advertising media often stereotypes gender roles either for added effects or for humor. Repeated use of these role-plays reinforces the public’s perception about how men and women should behave. This also shapes the expectations that society has towards them. The manipulation of these stereotypes by the media is an unconscious byproduct of the thinking of most men and women about what roles each gender should play. Deterministic theories emphasize that men and women evolve differentlyRead MoreAdvertising : Harmful Images That Promote Stereotypes And Unhealthy Obsessions With Physical Appearance782 Words   |  4 PagesWith advertising showing harmful images that promote stereotypes and unhealthy obsessions with physical appearance, and material goods there is a population of people that find it harder and harder to separate real life from fictional promotional materials. Teenagers are customers trying to work towards being successful, feeling good about themselves, and be ing happy and satisfied. Currently, there are no mediums that inform today’s youth about how advertising will depict almost anything in orderRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Gender roles and gender stereotypes in advertising My position: I believe advertisements that reinforce female gender roles and stereotypes are damaging to society. 2. Non-favorable Incidents: The examination of the â€Å"Victoria’s Secret† ad for a line of undergarments labeled â€Å"The Showstopper.† The headline is â€Å"Show nothing but your shape,† and the image is a thin woman with big breasts staring seductively. The image clearly sets a tone that this is what is a stand of ideal beauty. AndRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Body Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesguidance note, approved by the EASA Board in 2009, is designed to assist the advertising industry and SROs in ensuring that women and men continue to be portrayed positively and responsibly in advertising. History - WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Authors have also attempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers,

Edgar Allen Poe Essay - 1637 Words

Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poes life was bombarded with misery, financial problems, and death but he still managed to become a world-renowned writer. Although he attended the most prestigious of schools he was often looked over as a writer and poet during his career. His stories were odd and misunderstood during their time. However, now they are loved a read by millions. On January 19, 1809 Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts at a lodging house. His parents David and Elizabeth Poe were professional actors who toured with a theatrical company. On December 8, 1811 his mother died of tuberculosis in Richmond, Virginia (Introduction). In July of 1810 Edgars father vanished and it is speculated that he may have†¦show more content†¦John Allan did not send Poe enough money so he decided to be dismissed from West Point and was on March 6, 1831. Poe then moved to Baltimore to live with his widowed Aunt Maria Clemm and her daughter, Virginia (Poe Chronology). John Allan died in 1834 and moreover Poe received no inheritance. Poe then turned to journalism and began to write for the Richmond based Southern Literary Messenger. By the end of the year, Poe, who had moved to Richmond with Virginia and Mrs. Clemm, was named editor in chief. In May of 1836 he secretly married Virginia, his first cousin, who was then not quite fourteen years of age (Poe Chronology). In 1837 Poe resigned from the Southern Literary Messenger and moved his family to New York then to Philadelphia where he began to write for Gentlemen Magazine in 1839. He once again had problems with his publisher so he sought an editorial position at Grahams Magazine. Poe once again was seeking a higher salary and was dismissed by the publisher, but this time on better terms (Introduction). During all of Poes editorial positions he forwarded his own career and in 1843 he began to publish his own works one of which including The Tell-Tale Heart. He began to also gain fame but could not profit off of his works because of the unfavorable copyright laws. In 1845 Poe published his most famous poem The Raven which was extremely successful (Introduction). He also became the sole owner of TheShow MoreRelated Edgar Allen Poe1501 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe was a great writer and made many contributions to the works of literature. He is known as the father of the American short story and also the father of the detective story. To understand Poe’s literary contributions, his early life, literacy life, and works must be examined. Each aspect of his life revolves around the other. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. He was born to a Southern family who belonged in a traveling companyRead More Edgar Allen Poe Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe is a writer of the 1800’s. He has written many classics and has a unique style. Edgar fits into a gothic romance style that was prevalent at the time of his writing. Science at the time was making leaps and bounds and often scientists were immoral and hypocritical. This is reflected in Edgar’s sonnet to science were science has been destroying all that Edgar finds wonderful in the world. Edgar has a tough life with many losses which is also reflectedRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe And King1063 Words   |  5 Pages Casandra Crawford Mrs. Dean English 11 March 14, 2015 Poe and King What is thought of when the word ‘Horror’ is said. One would usually think of a scary clown, an ax murderer, and demons. Many minds would wander over to the brilliant horror author, Stephen King, and his many wondrous villains. Many intellectuals would have briefly wandered over to Edgar Allen Poe, and his gift to entice the readers into his stories. Poe and King are both monarchs of the Horror genre and it would be very easy toRead More Edgar Allen Poe Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe: A Brilliant Writer Edgar Allen Poe was one of the most brilliant writers of the nineteenth century. His short stories and poems consist of horror, mortality, romantic struggle, and psychological concept. Poe’s tales labeled him as a master in his study of instability of self-control, the restrain of emotion, and access of feeling. His literary works were based on his personal background; therefore, many have similar characteristics. Read MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allen Poe1233 Words   |  5 Pagesproper use of it a poem may not be as strong as others. Poetry is a form of art, and a poet uses language as a painter would use color to portray their art. Edgar Allen Poe is one of the greatest poets in history because his mastery of literary elements such as allusion, allegory, symbolism, and figurative language. â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allen Poe is a fascinating poem in which he displays excellent use of language. There are many symbols in this poem which help the reader understand the change in theRead MoreThe Death Of Edgar Allen Poe1165 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe had an unusual and complex relationship with the concept of death throughout his lifetime. Having been born into a family of traveling actors Poe’s unhealthy obsession spawned from a very young and impressionable age. Edgar’s dissociation from the tragedy of death was due to the fact that he would watch his mother kill herself on stage night after night; pigs blood filling her corset as the curtains drawn to close. During those two years Poe learned that death wasn’t final andRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allen Poe1494 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1844, Edgar Allen Poe published one of his most famous poems â€Å"The Raven.† â€Å"The Raven† is about a man reading books trying to keep his mind off a woman named Lenore he loved that died. Later, while he is napping, he wakes up from a knocking on the door. He gets up and opens the door of his chamber, but no one is there. He goes to his window then opens the shutters. A raven flies right in and sits on a bust of Pallas, goddess of wisdom, on top of his chamber door. The narrator sits there askingRead MoreEssay on Edgar Allen Poe763 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe, an America writer, was known as a poet and critic but was most famous as the master of short stories, particularly tales of the mysterious and the macrabe. The literary merits of Poe’s writings have been debated since his death, but his works have continued to be popular and many American and European writers have declared their artistic debt to him. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allen, a successfulRead MoreThe Symbolism Of Edgar Allen Poe1491 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Edgar Allen Poe’ Works -14090304 Maggie æâ€" ¹Ã¥ ­ Ã¦â€¡ ¿Fang Ziyi- As a master of short stories of horror, Edgar Allan Poe is knowledgeable, learned and imaginative. He could skillfully manipulate the words in his literary works to create everything people can think of. The masterful use of the symbols, objects intensify the readers’ nerve as the typical elements of horror in Poe’s short stories, and therefore it is also a feature which makes Poe s stories different from other writers. In Edgar AllenRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe Poem1111 Words   |  4 Pagesits autumn tint of gold, From the lightning in the sky As it passed me flying by, From the thunder and the storm, And the cloud that took the form (When the rest of Heaven was blue) Of a demon in my view - Edgar Allan Poe Alone, the simple yet complex poem by Edgar Allan Poe, can be viewed to be born from many different origins. What we do know about the poem is that it is simply beautiful. Even though its beauty is known by the contrasting metaphors and what not, we do have to take notice

How Did The World Changed Throughout The First Millennium...

Introduction A set out on a longest journey for a Chinese Buddhist named Xuanzang and did the journey. He traveled by land, west on the silk Road across the Central Asia before turning south to india. His goal was to spread the Buddhist learning and forming India and China closer ties. He traveled through dangerous ways, like Gobi Desert and Tian Shan Mountains that he nearly die of thirst. In India, Xuanzang studied with Buddhist monks and visited sacred buddhist sites. At the time, China was gaining strength under the Tang dynasty. Just two years later King Harsha died Xuanzang returned and the kingdom fell apart and divided for centuries. The world changed in many ways because kingdoms and empires rose and fell. In this lesson, you will read about how they expand and developed. Early in the first millennium C.E., a series of crises shook the classical civilization on China, Rome, and India. They had dominated their separate worlds and produced great cultural achievements. The first to fail was the Han Empire. It was a time of peace and increased prosperity. However the Han dynasty fell because of a cause of that collapse were complex and went back many years. Han rule had been interrupted by the overthrow of smallpox- brought to china along the Silk Road from other parts of the world-sparked epidemics that ravage the population. China had weakened the Han dynasty. The bandits moved around the land. The last Han emperor gave up on the throne then China brokenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Perils Of Indifference784 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighting his experience in the holocaust as well as the multitude of tragedies that had occurred that century and how indifference can be handled; he states â€Å"Society was composed of three simple categories: the kil ler, the victim, and the bystander.†(par 14) which shows how his experience and society today is categorized. He addresses how people in concentration camps were ignored and how the world can learn from this tragic, inhumane event. Wiesel’s purpose is to inform readers and listeners aboutRead More Graduation Speech Essay examples758 Words   |  4 Pagesteetering on the edge of the rest of our lives, having to grow up and head out into the â€Å"real† world. That thought might scare some people, but we are ready. After all, if you decide that you don’t want to be a part of the real world, maybe, you can always come back to Kheradmand High and maybe they will let you be a teacher. Remember the first day you stepped foot onto the Kheradmand High School campus, and how awestruck you were by the size of the seniors? Not only were they tall, they were enormousRead MoreThe Better Angels Of Our Nature1209 Words   |  5 PagesToday, in a social media ridden world where there’s no communication gap, allows news from around the world to be delivered to us in matter of seconds. Almost every day we hear about a shocking act of violence, whether it’s a terrorist bombing, a senseless rape or a gruesome murder. These tragedies makes us wonder, â€Å"What is the world coming to?† However, we forget to realize that in fact today’s world is much more peaceful compared to how dangerous life was thousands of years ago. As pinker statedRead MoreThe Azusa Street Revival By William J. Seymour1508 Words   |  7 PagesPentecostalism in the 20th century. This paper will aim to analyze how history may have unfolded if it had not happened, it will be examining the event and setting it in context that how it has impacted the history of Christianity for the reformation and modern Church. It will analyze how this event impacted the historic Pentecostal movement. Being born and bought up in Christian Orthodox Church, for a long time I could not understand the real meaning of Pentecostalism, but things changed dramatically inRead MoreThe Horror Genre Of Horror Films Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe horror genre has become a popular genre among the movie industry. It has become a popular genre since it has been evolving throughout the years it has been around, but one of its major climax points was when the subgenre of zombies came into the mix. The zombie genre became very popular in the year 1968 when it was first introduced in George Romero’s film Night of the Living Dead. Night of the Living Dead is one of the most prominent zombie films till this date especially since it has introducedRead MoreThe Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West1111 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Wicked,† by Winnie Holzman, was based on this novel. When it made its debut it astounded the world as it won many awards. â€Å"Wicked† draws in many people because they can relate to the feeling of being ostracized the way Elphaba was. In the 21st century, musicals have progressed along with technology due to the use of new special effects in musicals today. The New Millennium marks the beginning of the 21st century. On September 9th 2001 one of the most horrific events had occurred (History.com Staff).Read MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And Olaudah Equiano1398 Words   |  6 Pagesin the seventeenth and eighteenth century is something that in today’s millennium a person could not even dream of. Slaves were known to be illiterate; however there are few that had the opportunity to be educated and from them society has a small glimpse into the past. There are two slaves in particular that give people a way to see life through their eyes. Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano were two slaves during those times that were forced into the world of slavery. Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"NarrativeRead MoreRole of Women 1500-Present Day Essay examples1520 Words   |  7 PagesEarly portrayal of the role of women was of domestic nature, dominated my men. Influenced by religion, culture, and world events, the role of women is ev er-changing. In this paper I will look at the evolution of women; their role in society from historical periods to contemporary historical periods through out the world. I will highlight the fight for women’s rights and look at how future women benefited from it. Early Mesopotamian Society Women’s role in early society was much like slaves. TheyRead MoreLeadership 21st century Essay5218 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿Leadership for the Twenty First Century Writing Paper #2 Leadership for the Twenty First Century University of Charleston Graduate School EMBA-601-NG-2012G1 Leadership for the Twenty First Century Introduction As we enter the 21st Century there is a serious question arising concerning our capacity to deal with the challenges. Based on a review and synthesis across a range of literatures coveringRead More`` Mesopotamia `` By Pirieenzo And Narrated By Simon Chilvens1250 Words   |  5 Pages in the Iraqi desert, the Sumerians invented writing and the wheel. They divided time into minutes and seconds and built gigantic cities. The Sumerians loved culture and the arts. It is stated that their caravans crossed the desert opening up the first trade groups. The Sumerians’ stories inspired our founding myths and their memories lives on the Old Testament writing the history of the mankind. However, this brilliant civilization died leaving its very existence as a mystery. Today, fascinated

Exploring The Theme of Facism in Animal Farm,...

Fascism is a system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. Fascism also occurs in our literature such as the great pieces Animal Farm and Nineteen-Eighty-Four by Orwell, Yertle the Turtle by Seuss and Dictator by Kessler. These pieces will now be deeply explored so we can find out what English literature tells us about fascism. Animal Farm is a novella by George Orwell based upon the rise of Stalin and Russian Revolution and references heavily to authoritarianism, fascism and dictatorships although never referring to them directly. Snowball and†¦show more content†¦Snowball hence got chased away from the farm. Yet later Napoleon admits to being for the construction and was only against the construction to get rid of Snowball. This shows that having a dictator means there can not be any contributions or compromises to there decision and will not admit to faltering against the opposition. Snowball from now on uses Snowball much like a scapegoat to blame for the later happenings. Napoleon tries to make Snowball seem evil and corrupt after he left the farm and says he sabotages all the animals plans to make the perfect society. The animals do not believe this at first but are basically forced to accept it when napoleons dogs growl at them. This threat proves Napoleons fascist dictatorship from the fact of the terror he is using to persuade. This is the start of Napoleons amplifying tyranny and with the animals in his clutches he can make them believe anything he wishes including changing the Seven Command ments into his own regulations. Because of the unchangeable commandments now changing Napoleon has reason to make use of the farmhouse instead of leaving it as a museum. The pigs, especially Napoleon, had begun to sleep in beds. The animals remembering the commandments went to check the barn to reveal the commandments different to how they remembered. No animal

Is It Moral for Corporations to Test Cosmetics on Animals Free Essays

Is it moral for corporations to test cosmetics on animals or to use animals for medical experimentation? Pain is pain, and the importance of preventing unnecessary pain and suffering does not diminish because the being that suffers is not a member of our own species. (Peter Singer,  Animal Liberation) Human beings†¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Moral for Corporations to Test Cosmetics on Animals? or any similar topic only for you Order Now who are we? Are we Gods or we are just the top of the food chain on Earth? Do we have rights to harm other nonhuman species? These and many other questions I have in my head when I see how cruel we are sometimes to each other and even harsher toward the other nonhuman beings. Personally, I treat animals with respect because I consider them to be reasonable creatures that are in many perspectives similar to us, human beings. I am confident that animals have emotions; they can feel pain and happiness like we do. As we can see this is not enough for us to consider them our â€Å"little brothers. † From ancient times, many animals are being used for satisfying human’s different needs, such as food, transportation, and materials. Nowadays, human beings use animals not only for abovementioned purposes, but also for cosmetics and medical experiments. All these experiments definitely cause harm to animals. Majority of human population believes that all these experiments are the required attribute for all pharmaceutical and cosmetics companies. They believe that these practices can prevent many people from suffering by testing all new medicine and cosmetic products on animals first. According to this I can say that animals’ sufferings caused by people became moral issue for our last generations. In my essay I will use the work of Peter Singer â€Å"All animals are Equal,† because his work covers most of the aspects that I agree with. The main purpose of this essay is to emphasize that nonhuman beings have many similarities with human beings and they need to have basis rights for life without pain. It means that human beings must understand that all species are equal and it is immoral to make them suffer. There are similarities between human beings and animals that can be taken into account. In this case, I consider that main feelings that are possessed both by human and by nonhuman beings are pain and happiness. It is obvious that animals that surround us can experience pain. Just imagine if you kick a dog with your leg, the dog will moan and probably will un away with its tail between its legs. If this dog would not suffer from that kick it would not try to prevent that pain from occurring. On the other hand, imagine the same dog running towards her master, spinning her tail and running around him, licking his hands, jumping and sending many other positive signals that represent happiness. By visualizing these t wo images you can easily understand that animals have basic feelings like we do. For some people this might sound like nonsense if I say that people are equal to other species that are inhabiting our planet. I will not take into consideration some biological features of the beings. I want to look at this problem from the moral perspective. Today it is acceptable by many developed countries around the world for women have equal rights with men. We consider that this is a right thing, but think for a moment that essentially males and females are not the same. I mean they have equal rights but not all rights applied for both men and women, due to physiological differences or other factors. For example, P. Singer mentioned in his work that women have right to abortion so in order to make them equal to men, males also must have the same right to abortion (P. Singer, p. 172). However, men do not need this right since those instances never occur. According to this example, equality does not particularly mean that men and women have all the same equal rights. It means that they have the same rights in regards with to what they have in common. Concerning cosmetics and medical experiments on animals I can definitely say that it makes animals suffer. Let’s take medical experiments of new drugs. Nobody knows what is going to happen when any external substance is implemented on an animal. There are certain medications tested on animals and that caused the death of the animals. For example, one of the scandal cases is the sheep Dolly that died because of the cloning experiment. Obviously there is a big chance for the animals to die after certain tests are performed on them. Nevertheless, human beings still accept the fact that some species other than humans can justifiably suffer in order to possibly save some human being’s lives. However, animals that are involved in those experiments will receive nothing in return but suffering because the only purpose of those experiments is to help people. So, regarding cosmetic experiments, those animals suffer not for the sake of saving some human’s life, but for the sake of helping a number of people to look more beautiful. For instance, before introducing a new cosmetic product such as shampoo to the market a product should go through the series of tests, the part of which is animal testing. Even this single product can harm a large number of animals. Looking more attractive, in my mind, is not worth causing pain to other species. I want to say, that the number of animals’ suffering is greater than the pleasure that human beings receive. In other words the degree of harm is higher than the degree of happiness. Some people might say let’s think about the morality that animals have. The main principal of their lives is to survive. Most of them survive by killing and eating other animals. Let’s take lions as an example; they kill other animals to feed their prides. In other words, they hurt other species to make their own lives flourish. If we can call this their â€Å"morality†, then medical experiments are the right thing to do, because human beings are the part of the same biosphere as lions and other animals are. As a result of these experiments many lives of the human beings were saved. Without the experiments on animals it would be impossible to reach the constant improvements and developments in medicine. If we talk about equality with animals in this perspective then we are equal to them, since we act according to their â€Å"morality. † All these arguments are related to utilitarianism. Utilitarian theories are dealing with selection of the action that will result in the maximum good for the greatest amount of individuals (Encyclopedia Britannica). Regarding animal testing from utilitarian point of view I can say that this is not right thing to do. Since it can be moral only if it delivers the greatest good to greatest number of individuals I can calculate how many individuals are better off in this case. For example only in France in 2005, 12,117,583 animals were used for medical experiments (Andrew Knight, p. 651). Taking in account that this number represents the quantity of animals that were used by only a single country, I can definitely say that the total number of animals used for experiments in the whole world is much greater than human population. Moreover, not all people received benefits from those medical experiments, but all animals tested suffered or died. Talking about the previous example of analyses of lions’ morality I want to mention that in that case lions kill not more than two zebras to feed more than ten lions. On basis of this, greater good delivered to greater number of individuals. The professor of Oxford and Warwick universities and also the former head of Medical Research Council Colin Blakemore states that many irredeemable human diseases like Alzheimer’s multiple scleroses would never be possible to vaccinate without using all possible tools. In this case, experimental animals are one of the tools that are needed for the research of those diseases (Colin Blakemore). This claim proves that animal testing is one of the main research attributes. Therefore, in order to provide seriously ill people with quality medications, pharmaceutical companies have to test new drugs on animals. It is obvious, that fifty years ago it was normal for researchers to use animals for medical and cosmetics experiments, because they did not have any alternatives. It is known, that today’s technologies have features that can substitute usage of animals. If it is possible to use other means than animals why people do not do that? It seems to me that until animal tests are regarded as moral by human beings this practice will continue. Moreover, there will be a lot of different arguments that will support the idea of animal experiments. Yet, the fact that we can do medical experiments in 21st century without torturing animals is obvious. It is immoral to cause pain to a human by another one. The main reason for that is that human can suffer. Everyone in his or her life experienced pain and know what it is. So, it became immoral thing to harm other people. Moreover, every person has a right to not experience pain from other individuals. In other words people are bounded by their rights and morality from making other people suffer. We are protected by rights and by laws not to be harmed, but animals are not protected by those rights and human morality. Nevertheless, they can suffer like we do. In this case both human and nonhuman beings experience relatively the same feeling of pain. Since the pain is the one factor that makes us similar to animals, why other species do not have rights to not suffer? One of the reasons why animals do not have some equal rights with people is probably because all those concepts of equal rights were created by human beings. It becomes obvious that human beings are selfish in this perspective. If you are the man it does not mean for me that you can decide for others what to do with their lives. What about the fact that human beings are the part of the biosphere of our planet. I think this is immoral to not take into account that animals can suffer like we do. In these circumstances I agree with P. Singer as he introduced an example about an orphaned infant. He said that â€Å"would be experimenter ready to make his experiments on orphaned infant if it would the only option to save many lives. If experimenter would be against using orphaned infant for experiments, then his readiness to use animal is simple discrimination. † But many adult animals are more receptive to pain than human infants. (P. Singer, p. 176). This is not good and people must understand why they have to do something about it. I agree that this practice is hard to change. Still, looking back in the history there were many practices that were accepted to be moral. For instance, I want to mention slavery and discrimination of African American or women. All of these cases were perceived to be normal at those times, but now moral values have changed. It means that there is a chance that people will comprehend the pain that we cause to nonhuman beings. People cannot decide for animals what to do with their lives. It is not moral to benefit one by harming another one. In this case all experiments on animals must be reformed. However, it is rooted deeply in our moral values system, so this values need to be changed as they were changed in other cases similar to this one. Human moral issues are changing all the time. Just recall the time when all people we classified by skin color or other signs. It was normal to discriminate black people only because they have a different skin color. Going back we can see that white people at those times would never accept that they are born equal to black people. It took a lot of time to change those beliefs. Now Barak Obama is the president of USA while a century ago this fact would appear implausible. It means that it is possible to change moral believes of human beings by giving them enough arguments for that. According to this I can definitely say that there are enough arguments that can be used to prove that animal experiments can be reformed. I want to conclude that the problem of animal experiments is related to each individual. According to utilitarian theory the animal experiments are not a right thing to do, because harm of these experiments is greater than the positive outcome. Number of ruined animals’ lives, is much greater than the number of saved human beings’ lives. The only way to prevent animal usage is to persuade people that this is inapplicable in our modern community. As I mentioned there are many ways, including technological improvements, to not use animals for medical experiments. The technology of 21 century allows constructing virtual models of live organisms that are able to predict a reaction of a tested medicine. This argument can cause the change in human beings’ morality, and animals will get equal rights with humas, by taking into consideration their abilities to experience pain and happiness like we do. Moreover, our morality is the subject that can be changed, as we can observe by looking back in the history. We need to start doing it, because we are the most intelligent creatures on the Earth and the future of many animals is in our hands. Work cited 1) Blakemore, Colin. â€Å"Should We Experiment on Animals? Yes. †Ã‚  The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 29 Nov. 0028. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. http://www. telegraph. co. uk/science/science-news/3353960/Should-we-experiment-on-animals-Yes. html. (I trust this web site, because the author seems to me very intelligent, since he is the professor of Oxford and Warwick universities and also the former head of Medical Research Council Colin Blakemore) 2) Knight, Andrew. Systematic Reviews of Animal Experiments Demonstrate Poor Human Clinical and Toxicological Utility. †Ã‚  ATLA -NOTTINGHAM-  35 (2007): 641-60. Print. 3) Peter Singer, â€Å"Chapter 14: All Animals are Equal† in Hugh LaFollette (ed. ), Ethics in Practice. 171-180 4) Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. New York, NY: New York Review of, 1990. Print. 5) â€Å"utilitar ianism. †Ã‚  Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/620682/utilitarianism. How to cite Is It Moral for Corporations to Test Cosmetics on Animals?, Essay examples

Friendly Bank in Relation for Bee Florist Shop- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFriendly Bank in Relation for Bee Florist Shop. Answer: Advise Violet and Sonny of their potential liability to Friendly Bank in relation to the Busy Bee Florist Shop. After considering all the facts that have been given in this case, the issue that needs to be decided is if Violet and Sonny can be held liable to repay the loan taken from Friendly Bank to run the operations of Busy Bee Florist shop. In order to decide this issue, it needs to be seen if Violet and Sonny can be treated as partners in the Busy Bee Florist Shop. Essential Elements: The relevant provisions that can be applied in this case are present in the Partnership Act (Vic), according to section 1 of this legislation, the presence of three elements is necessary in order to establish that a person can be described as a partner. Therefore, the law requires that in such a case, there should be Carrying on of the business; In common; and For the purpose of making a profit. On the other hand, even if a single element does not exist, the law does not consider the relationship to be a partnership. In order to decide the meaning of the term 'carrying on business', it has to be seen if some repetitiveness of action is necessary to be established as against a one off action by the parties. However, the courts have laid stress in a number of cases that there is a need for recognition of action. For example, in one case, a group of depositors had subscribed in order to purchase the shares of a trust in various submarine cable companies. These shares were sold to investors by the trustees. They also issued them certificates. The issue that was present in this case was if it can be described as a partnership. In order to decide this issue, the court had to look at the nature of the trust and it was also required to consider the relationship that was present between the parties who were involved in it (Smith v Anderson, 1880). Therefore the court, particularly po inted out towards the fact that authority was not present on part of the trustees to speculate. The trustees did not have natural rights and obligations. In view of these circumstances, the court was of the opinion that the trust cannot be treated as a partnership due to the reason that there was a lack of association to 'carry on a business'.. Rules to Decide Partnership: In this regard, section 2 of the Partnership Act provides certain rules that are relevant in this regard. These tools can be used for the purpose of deciding if a particular relationship present between the parties can be called a partnership. But at this point, it needs to be mentioned that the rules mentioned in this section are not the only determinants of the question related to the existence of a partnership. Therefore, when a court has to decide if a partnership is present between the parties, the court will be under an obligation to consider all the facts related with the situation in order to arrive at the true substance of the agreement that was created among the parties. Therefore, both express and implied intentions of the parties have to be considered by the court for the purpose of finding if a relationship of partnership exists between the parties. In this regard, Roper J. has express the opinion that after arriving at the conclusion that the parties had the intention t o do everything that would make them partners, the declared the intention of the parties according to which they were not going to be partners, cannot be described as valid (Wiltshire v Kuenzli, 1945). Therefore the intention of the parties in this regard is off the utmost significance, irrespective of the description given by them to the relationship. An example in this regard can be given of the case titled Stekel v Ellice (1973). In this case, the defendant had employed the plaintiff in his accounting firm in 1967. The parties had entered into an agreement in 1968. This agreement provided that the plaintiff was going to become a salaried partner. Andy was going to earn a salary. At the same time, it was also provided by the agreement between the parties that the term of employment of the plaintiff was going to end in April 1969. Moreover, it was also mentioned in this agreement that the defendant owned the capital of the partnership. Similarly, all the losses will also be borne b y the defendant. However, it was noted by the court that there was applause present in the agreement according to which the parties were going to create another agreement before April 1969. It will be provided by this agreement that the plaintiff was going to become a full partner in the partnership. But this beginning was never created by the parties and they continued with the older the agreement. In August 1970, there was a breakdown of relations between the parties and the plaintiff left the business. He also took his clients along with him. Then, a declaration was sought by the plaintiff from the court according to which the partnership has been dissolved and the court should make an order, winding up the partnership. Under these circumstances, the issue that was present before the court was considered in the agreement created between the parties can be described as an employment agreement or if the agreement was a partnership.. After going through all the facts of the case, th e court was of the opinion that a partnership has been created between the parties and this partnership continued even if the parties have not entered into an express agreement later on (Exparte Coral Investments Pty Ltd., 1979). When a person is receiving a share in the profits: Section 2(3), Partnership Act mentions that when a person is receiving a share in the profits of the business, it needs to be treated as a prima facie proof that such person is a partner in the business. But at the same time, it also needs to be mentioned in receiving the share in the profits or a payment that depends on the basis of the profits earned by the business does not by itself be treated as a proof of the fact that such person is a career as a partner in the business. The difficulty that exists in the interpretation of this subclause is related to use of the expression prima facie that has qualified the term 'evidence'. Under the circumstances, it can be said that affect related with a profit-sharing scheme can be treated as the evidence in support of the fact that a partnership exists between the parties, but only this fact cannot be relied upon in order to determine that the relationship of the parties can be described as a partnership (Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashto ns, 1979). Cox v Hickman (1880) is a significant case related with this issue. Therefore the facts of this case need to be described briefly, in order to deal with this issue. B and J Smith have been trading as partners. The company started to face financial difficulties. Under these circumstances, both of them entered into a deed of arrangement with the creditors of the company. Consequently, the business and the partnership property had been assigned to the creditors. Similarly, the creditors were also allowed to carry on the business by assuming a new name. The deed provided that the future income of the business have to be provided by all the creditors. It was also mentioned in the deed that after the creditors have been paid in full, the business was going to be returned to Smiths. The two creditors, Cox and Wheatcroft have been appointed as the trustees. However Cox never acted as a trustee. In the same way, Wheatcroft also acted as a trustee for a very short period. After thi s period, the other trustees incurred some debts to Hickman. They also gave some bills of exchange drawn on the partnership business. Later on, Hickman wanted and established the liability of Cox and Wheatcroft regarding these bills. However, the court arrived at the conclusion that in this case Cox and Wheatcroft cannot be considered as partners. The court noted the fact that there was no knowledge present on part of Hickman regarding the deed of arrangement. Under these circumstances, Cox and Wheatcroft were allowed by the court to deny the liability although the arrangement provided that they were going to share the profits of the business. In this regard, it was stated by the court that only this fact cannot be treated as being sufficient to describe both of them as partners. Therefore, in his decision, the court was of the opinion that the arrangement which provided that the future profits of the business have to be applied in order to pay the old debts and the decision made by the creditors to give up their right to be paid from the capital of the business, does not appear to be a partnership with other parties who do not have any knowledge of the deed. It was held by the court that although the person sharing the profits can be described as a partner but this does not apply in all the cases. For this purpose, the sense in which the term 'sharing the profits' has been used, needs to be considered. For instance, in the present case, the court had doubts if the creditors of the governing who were going to receive only the payment of their debt out of the profits of the business, can be said to be sharing the profits. As a result, this opinion is treated as a general rule. Section 2(3) (a) to (e) of the Act mentioned the cases where the above-mentioned resolution cannot be made. Hence, according to the law, receipt of debt on the liquidated demand made by a person out of the profits of the business does not in itself makes such a person, a partner. This rule is based on Cox v Hickman (1860). But at the same time, it has also been provided by the laws that if the circumstances are present, which indicate towards the fact that the relati onship was a partnership, in such a case, the lender can be considered a partner, regardless of their intentions (Re Ruddock, 1879). After going through the legal position mentioned above as well as the rules that apply to the facts of the present case, it can also be concluded in this case that Violet can be treated as a partnership in Busy Bee Florist Shop although the agreement concluded between the parties has stated that the lender (Violet) is not going to be a partnership in the business. But the situation is different in case of Sonny. In this case, it cannot be said the Sonny is also a partner in the business. The reason is that according to the law even if the fact that the person is receiving a share out of the profits of the business has to be treated as the prima facie evidence regarding the fact that the person is acting as a partner but only on the basis of this fact, it cannot be concluded that such a person is a partner in the business (Badeley v Consolidated Bank (1888). In such cases, the law provides that the contract for remuneration that is going to be provided to a servant or an agent in the form of a share, from the profits of the business does not in itself make the person, a partner in the business and as a result, liable for the obligations of the business. Therefore, on the application of the above-mentioned legal rules to the effects of the present instrument can be concluded in this case that Violet needs to be treated as a partner in Busy Bee Florist Shop. As mentioned above, the viability of the partners is joint and several. Therefore, the law allows Friendly Bank to recover their pending amount from Violet. On the other hand, it cannot be said that Sonny is also a partner in the business. As a result, Friendly Bank cannot initiate action against Sonny for the recovery of the amount that was owed by Busy Bee Florist Shop. References Badeley v Consolidated Bank (1888) 38 Ch D 238 Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd Anor v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) 131 CLR 321 Cox v Hickman (1880) 8 HL Cas 268 Exparte Coral Investments Pty Ltd [1979] Qd R 292 Re Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR 51 (IP M) 51 Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 Stekel v Ellice [1973] 1 WLR 191 Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 22 SASR 552 Wiltshire v Kuenzli (1945) 63 WN 47